Dinamika Dunia Islam Pasca Keruntuhan Kekholifahan Usmani (Fregmantasi, Neo-Kolonialisme dan Rekonstruksi Narasi Pendidikan Islam)

Abstract

This paper examines the dynamics of the Islamic world after the collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924, which became an important turning point in modern Islamic history. The collapse of the caliphate institution not only marked the end of the ukhuwah-based transnational political system, but also triggered the geopolitical fragmentation of Muslims into a nation-state, accompanied by the emergence of Western neo-colonialism through mechanisms of political control, economic exploitation, and cultural westernization. This study analysis the causes of the collapse of the Ottomans from the perspective of internal factors (bureaucratic decline, corruption, technological backwardness) and external factors (European pressure, World War I, and Western intervention), including the role of the Arab Revolution in accelerating the birth of modern countries in the Middle East. In addition, this paper criticizes the narrative of Islamic history in textbooks that tends to be descriptive, lacks critical analysis, and is full of Eurocentrism bias, thus weakening the historical awareness and identity of Muslims. Through the theoretical study of the concept of the caliphate, the theory of the collapse of civilization by Ibn Khaldun and Arnold Toynbee, and the concept of neo-colonialism, the author recommends a reconstruction of the narrative of Islamic education based on a critical-historical, integrative, and contextual approach. This approach is expected to build students' critical awareness, strengthen the identity of the ummah, and encourage efforts to reconstruct Islamic civilization in the midst of contemporary challenges.